1

Industri Iron Pure

Warm off

F. White Equal Axial Crystal yeFGrain, black network ye dɛɛr ye dɛɛr ye dɛɛr ye dɛɛr ye dɛɛr ye dɛɛr ye dɛɛr ye dɛɛr ye dɛɛr ye dɛɛr ye dɛɛr ye dɛɛr ye dɛɛr ye. Atom ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye. A kɔnɔ oksidi fitin ye cɔl black point.

2

20Steel

Yik Fire

F+P. White grain yeFA black block ye a piece yeP. Ka dɔɔr ka dɔɔr ka dɔɔr ka dɔɔr ka dɔɔr ka dɔɔr ka dɔɔr ka dɔɔr ka dɔɔr ka dɔɔr ka dɔɔr.PA tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n20Carbon tɔ̈u piny,FKont76%，PKont24%O ye, black web ye nyuɔɔth.FKristal.

3

45Steel

Yik Fire

F+P. White grain yeFA black block ye a piece yePYe.PA layered structure wala a yira.45Carbon wɛ̈t20Steel juëc,FDɔɔr42.7%，PWurtin57.3%

4

65Steel

Warm off

F+P. White substrate ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈nP. White ye network distribution yeFYe.PA layer structure wala a nyuɔɔth.65Carbon content of steel is close to co-analysis components, in the matrix tissue (Carbon content of steel is close to co-analysis components, in the matrix tissue) (Carbon content of steel is close to co-analysis components, in the matrix tissue)PA cɔk juak, a cɔk84%，FKä ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u aye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u.Fفقط16%Ye.

5

T8Steel

Yik Fire

SlicePYe.PEeFKɛnɛFe₃CMechanical mixes ye kek looi.FA bɛɛl,Fe₃CA bɛ̈ɛ̈ɛ̈r, a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic a yiic A tɛmɛAKä ye kek looi në co-analysis reaction. Sample dɔ̈ɔ̈r ye carbon tɔ̈u piny, ka tɔ̈u pinyFA bɛ̈n. Na lëu bɛ̈ɛ̈i dɔ̈ŋ bɛ̈ɛ̈i dɔ̈ŋ bɛ̈ɛ̈i dɔ̈ŋFe₃CThickness of layer,Fe₃CA cɔl black stripe. Na lëu bɛ̈ɛ̈i dɔ̈ŋ bɛ̈ɛ̈i dɔ̈ŋ bɛ̈ɛ̈i dɔ̈ŋFe₃CThickness of layer, whiteFe₃CStrip'ler görünür.

6

T12Steel

Yik Fire

P+Fe₃C_II. Layer substrate ye cɔl black and white phase yeP. White network on the crystal world yeFe₃C_IIYe.T12Ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ,Fe₃C_IIFɔlɔAKristal ye network ye. O kɔ̈k, tɛ̈n yenë tɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r looi, tɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r looi, tɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r looiAYɛlɛma fɛɛrP. MeshFe₃C_IIA lëu bɛ̈n ya tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u.

7

T12Steel

Warm off

P+Fe₃C_II. Luɔ̈ɔ̈i natrium acide alkaline solution.Fe₃CA bɛ̈ɛ̈r, F bɛ̈ɛ̈r. Ku bɛ̈n, Black WebFe₃C_II，A ye P ye. A cɔl P, a cɔl grey and white.

8

Kristal Asiya

Iron raw

casting Status

P+Fe₃C_II+Ld`. Matrix ye cɔl spotted ye co-crystallineLd`Black man crystal yePRaan pipiAA ye awo dɔ gɛɛr, a ye kɔrɔ dɔ ye kɔrɔ dɔ ye kɔrɔ dɔ ye kɔrɔ dɔ ye kɔrɔ dɔ ye kɔrɔ dɔ ye kɔrɔ dɔ ye.Fe₃C_IIKɛnɛLd`tɛmɛFe<sub>3</sub>CA bɛ̈ɛ̈ɛ̈r, a bɛ̈ɛ̈r, a lëu bɛ̈ɛ̈r. A bɛ̈n juak tɛ̈n yenë carbon tɔ̈u yen.PA dɔɔr,Ld`Ka juak.

9

Iron ye kristal

casting Status

kristalLd`A yeP+Fe₃C_II+Fe₃CTɔŋ.PKa CrystalAKa tɛmɛ coanalysis, tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛFe₃C_IIkristalFe₃CA bɛ̈ɛ̈ɛ̈r, a tɔ̈ɔ̈u, a lëu bɛ̈ɛ̈r. APKɛnɛFe₃CKä ye kek looi aye:Fe₃C 60%，P40%Ye.

10

Superkristal

Iron raw

casting Status

Fe₃C_I+Ld`DɔŋFe<sub>3</sub>C<sub>IA fɔlɔ, a bɛ crystallize, a bɛ yir tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma tuma</sub>Ld`A ka tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye.

11

T8

Fire

S. Layer thinFKɛnɛFe₃CMechanical mixtures ye. Optical microscope magnification is less than600XA tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n Lɔ̈k dɛ̈t1500XYɔ̈ɔ̈r, a bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈rPKarakteristik ye layer ye.

12

T8

Equal temperature tempering

T．TYe tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈nAKa tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛFKɛnɛFe₃CMechanical mixed, optical microscope multiplier low, can't be distinguishedTA tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye. Lɔ̈k në elektron mikroskop10000XHa nhial, a bɛ se ka tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈nTA ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈rMHa yɔ̈ɔ̈r kä ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u,Mform wala nyuɔɔth, kuArA bɛɛr.

13

T8

Equal temperature tempering

BYüksek+M+ADisabledYe.BA ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈nFe₃CA kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye. Në optical metallic microscope yic, F-strip ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u në kristal A yic, ku a tɔ̈ɔ̈u në kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u. F kɛnɛFe₃CA ka bɛ̈ɛ̈i ka bɛ̈ɛ̈i ka bɛ̈ɛ̈i ka bɛ̈ɛ̈i ka bɛ̈ɛ̈i ka bɛ̈ɛ̈i ka bɛ̈ɛ̈8000Y'a tɩŋa X, y tõe tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n.

14

T8

Equal temperature tempering

BDɔɔr+M+ADisabledYe.B_DɔɔrA ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ ye kɛnɛ yeFKu Distribution inFShort needle nderFe₃CA ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk. It's harder than a tougheningMA lëu bɛ̈n ya cɔk, a lëu bɛ̈n ya cɔk, a lëu bɛ̈n ya cɔk, a lëu bɛ̈n ya cɔk, a lëu bɛ̈n ya cɔk, a lëu bɛ̈n ya cɔk8000XYɔ̈ɔ̈r, a lëu bɛ̈ɛ̈iFInsideFe3C. Kä juëc ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈uMkuADisabled_Ye.

15

20

tempering

BarM. Bars ye dït ye dït ye dït ye dït ye dït ye dït ye dït ye dït ye dït ye dït ye dït ye dït ye dït ye dïtM,Lɔ̈k paralel,Nyuɔ̈th black and whiteMBundle.Dɛ̈l dɔ̈ŋ kaam kä ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u ku kä ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u,Ye tökAKristal dɛ̈t bɛ̈n lëu bɛ̈n looiMBundle.BarMLɛ̈k bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r,Kɛ sababu carbon steelM_SPoint ye nhial A fɔlɔ cakMA bɛ̈n looi, a bɛ̈n looi, a bɛ̈n looiMA bɛ̈ɛ̈r ku bɛ̈ɛ̈r.

16

T8

tempering

SliceM+ArKarbon dɔ̈ŋMA ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n Ha tökAKristal, a fɔlɔ yeMA dɔɔr, a sɔngɔ bɛɛAGrain, yeAGrains divided, and formed afterwards. Grains divided, and formed afterwards. Grains divided, and formed afterwards. Grains divided, and formed afterwards. Grains divided, and formed afterwards.MA needle, a ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈nMA tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n. temperingMA bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r,ArA ye grey. Lɔnadɛ̈ ke yen bɛ̈ɛ̈r looi, Martensite bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r.

18

45Steel

Oil quenching

M+TA cɔl black clusters ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u në crystal boundaryTWhite for temperedM. Oil cooling slow,45Steel hardness is not enough, cannot be obtained all. Steel hardness is not enough, cannot be obtained all. Steel hardness is not enough, cannot be obtained all.MA ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈uTYe.TEasy corrosion, slightly corrosion is black, hardened. A ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raanMA cɛ̈ɛ̈k bɛ̈ɛ̈r ku a cɛ̈ɛ̈k bɛ̈ɛ̈r.

19

45Steel

860℃ nji

KarbonMYe.MA bɛ̈n tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u. BarMJuk, needleMKä ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u.45#SteelM_SA dɔŋ, a fɔlɔMKa bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈nMA bɛɛr. O kɔrɔ ye lining cak.

20

45Steel

860℃ Water quenching low temperature firing

Karbon tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈nMYïn.200Warm ye looi tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈nFe₃CAnalyze, looiMA cɔl black. Ka tɔtArA gɛɛr.

21

45Steel

860℃ Water quenching medium temperature

Lɔ̈kT. Lɔ̈kTA bëMKa tɛmɛFDistribution of very fine particles on the substrateFe₃CMixed organization ye. Medium temperature return, ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r yeMCarbide dɔ ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u yen ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u yen ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u yen ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u yen. A tɛ̈n ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ HaMA tɛ̈n ye carbon dɔ̈ɔ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye. Dɔŋ whiteFA tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈nMDɛ̈t. Carbide black, a lëu bï yɔɔdɔ bɛ̈n yök në elektron mikroskop yic, ku a lëu bï yɔɔdɔ bɛ̈n yökTKa tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈uMDɛɛr.

22

45Steel

860℃ Water quenching high temperature firing

Lɔ̈kS. Lɔ̈kSEeFDistribution of fine particles on the substrateFe₃CMixed ye. Warm temperature juak,Fe₃CParticle dɔɔr. Particle dɔɔr dɔɔr dɔɔr dɔɔr dɔɔr dɔɔr dɔɔr dɔɔr dɔɔr dɔɔr dɔɔr dɔɔr dɔɔr dɔɔrTA cɔl thick, amma a ka lëu bɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈nFe₃CParticles (Kɔl) Hardening yökMKa tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛMCarbide ye tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yenMKarbon ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ.

23

45Steel

780℃ nji

Yawen Hardening OrganizationF+M. Lɔnadɛ̈ tɛ̈ɛ̈r tɛ̈ɛ̈r tɛ̈ɛ̈r tɛ̈ɛ̈r tɛ̈ɛ̈rAC₃A tɔ̈ɔ̈u yɔ̈ɔ̈kF, Heating TissueA+F. Ka cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔk cɔkAGɛlɛrMA bɛ̈ɛ̈r,FA gɛɛr, a bɛɛr. O majaw, Yawen's hardening tissue's black.MA bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r yeFYe.

24

45Steel

1100℃ nji

Jii ye cɔl superheated hardening tissueM_Thick. Dɛ̈t tɛ̈ɛ̈r tɛ̈ɛ̈r tɛ̈ɛ̈r tɛ̈ɛ̈r tɛ̈ɛ̈rAGrain dɔ̈ɔ̈r teliya, ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looiM. Ye tɛ̈n peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peei peeiMYer dɔ̈ɔ̈r.

25

T12

Spherical annealing

Ball yePEe.FDistribution of particles on the substrate (Distribution of particles on the substrate)Fe₃CWhite yeFMatrix, white particles yeFe₃CA ye foto yeFe₃CParticles dɔŋ.

26

T12

780℃ Water quenching low temperature firing

Lɔ̈kMKu granularFe₃C. Black ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔlMparticles white yeFe₃C_II. Dɔŋ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛA₃HaAC₁kaam de, heating tissue yeA+Fe₃C_II. Grain fine after hardeningAA yökMA needle dɛ̈t ye dɛ̈t ye dɛ̈t ye dɛ̈t ye dɛ̈t ye dɛ̈t ye dɛ̈t ye dɛ̈t.Fe₃C_IIA gɛɛr. Ka tɛmɛMKa bɛɛr, ka bɛɛr bɛɛrMMatrix Distribution White ParticlesFe₃C_IIYe.A ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye. Ni dɔɔrMA ye cɔl yellow, a ye cɔl needleMA leŋ lɔnadɛ tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n

27

T12

1100℃ Water quenching low temperature firing

Low temperature heating tissue after overheatingM+Ar. Dɛ̈t tɛ̈ɛ̈r tɛ̈ɛ̈r tɛ̈ɛ̈r tɛ̈ɛ̈r tɛ̈ɛ̈r tɛ̈ɛ̈rFe₃CFɛɛr dissolved in largeAMedium, ka bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈n bɛ̈nMKä ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u ku kä ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈uArYe.

28

40Cr

Adjustment

Lɔ̈kS. WhiteFParticles bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈rFe₃CNa cï tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛADɛɛr. O majaw, ye konySKarbidiw ye kek tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u.

29

65Mn

Heating medium heating

Lɔ̈kT. WhiteFBlack ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u në substrateFe₃CParticle, a tɛŋMDɛ̈t. Lɔnadɛ̈ ye tɛ̈n yenë a tɛ̈n yenë a tɛ̈n yenë a tɛ̈n yenë a tɛ̈n yenë a tɛ̈n yenë a tɛ̈n yenë a tɛ

30

GCr15

Kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl

Lɔ̈kMKarbid mince+ADisabledYe.MDɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r ku dɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r ye kɔc cɔl black zone, ye kɔc cɔl bearing steel after hardening water. White Zone yeACrystal boundary ye network ye. Ka tɛmɛ, karbidiAA bɛ fɔlɔ la a bɛ fɛɛr la a bɛ fɛɛr la a bɛ fɛɛr la a bɛ fɛɛr la a bɛ fɛɛr la a bɛ fɛɛr la a bɛ fɛɛr.M_SLower, ka tɔ̈u në kristal twin pɛɛiMKɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔlMKɔrɔ, ka nɔgɔ bɛ̈ɛ̈r, ka nɔgɔ bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈rAKarbidi dɔ̈ŋ tɔ̈u kristal dɔ̈ŋ.M_SPoint ye dɔ̈ŋ, ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈uMKristal Bɛ̈nyMA nɔgɔ laar, a nɔgɔ laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar laar. White fine particles ye karbid ye cɔl alloy ye cɔl alloy ye cɔl alloy ye cɔl alloy ye cɔl alloy ye cɔl alloy ye cɔl alloy ye cɔl alloy ye cɔl alloy ye cɔl alloy

31

W18Cr4V

Casting

Ld′+T+M+Ar。 kristalLd′ ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ T ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan ye raan; M+Ar cïï lëu bɛ̈ɛ̈ɛ̈r, a cɔl white tissue. A bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r b

32

W18Cr4V

Warm off

S+Karbidi. Basis yeS, ka dɔŋ ka dɔŋ ka dɔŋ ka dɔŋ ka dɔŋ ka dɔŋ ka dɔŋ ka dɔŋ ka dɔŋ ka dɔŋ ka dɔŋ ka dɔŋSDistance between bars is not displayed, but is dark yellow. Distance between bars is not displayed, but is dark yellow. Distance between bars is not displayed, but is dark yellow. A bɛɛr ye karbid ye kɔkristal ye, a bɛɛr ye karbid ye filar ye.

33

W18Cr4V

tempering

M+Ar+Karbidi. White substrate is a hidden needle-like hardening M and Ar. After high speed steel hardening, Ar is up to 20-25%, so slight erosion can show the black network's A crystal boundary. White substrate is a hidden needle-like hardening M and Ar. After high speed steel hardening, Ar is up to 20-25%, so slight erosion can show the black network's A crystal boundary. A grain's thick reaction tempering temperature is high and low. A grain's thick reaction tempering temperature is high and low. A grain's thick reaction tempering temperature is high and low. A grain's thick reaction tempering temperature is high and low. A bɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ŋ ye karbid kristal ye.

A bɛɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛɛ̈r bɛɛ̈r bɛɛ̈r bɛɛ̈r bɛɛ̈r bɛɛ̈r

34

W18Cr4V

Kuen-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn-kuɛn

M+Karbidi+ADisabled . Black substrate ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔlM+ArKɔnɔŋ belebele ye karbid ye, kuru kɔnɔŋ fitin ye karbid ye.

35

1Gr18Ni9Ti

Solid Solution Processing

AWhite grain yeAGrains, some grains are twin crystals, on the substrate black dot as a carbide, some samples are black as a bar distributed sulfide mixed. Grains, some grains are twin crystals, on the substrate black dot as a carbide, some samples are black as a bar distributed sulfide mixed.

36

30CrMnSi

Equal temperature tempering

BGranule. ye grey whiteFA kɔnɔ tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n A tɛ̈n peei, a tɛ̈n peei wala a tɛ̈n peei, a tɛ̈n peei wala a tɛ̈n peei wala a tɛ̈n peei wala a tɛ̈n peei. Island dɔŋ karbon ye kɔrɔAA lëu bï ya tɛ̈n koor atat ye yen yɛl looi: a lëu bï ya tɛ̈n koor atat ye yen yɛl looiFkuFe₃CA lëu bï ya looiMGɛlɛr wala tɛmɛ karbonArYe.

37

ZGMn13

Casting

A+Karbidi. White substrate yeABlack web ye kristal ye, yeAKristal ye karbid ye granular ye. High castingMnSteel yeACarbide ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye. A wajib ka kɛ nji ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r, ka carbide ye kɛ̈ɛ̈rADɛɛr.

38

ZGMn13

Water toughness treatment

A. fãaAGrain, grain size is not equal, has twin crystal deformation. Grain, grain size is not equal, has twin crystal deformation. Grain, grain size is not equal, has twin crystal deformation. High castingMnSteel heated to1050-1100℃, ka carbide looi ka cɔl substrate, koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor koor

39

20Steel

Ka bɛ̈ɛ̈r ka bɛ̈ɛ̈r ka bɛ̈ɛ̈r ka bɛ̈ɛ̈r ka bɛ̈ɛ̈r

Carbonization normal balance tissue. A ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ yePWhite network yeFe₃C_II; subsurface layer ye co-analysis layer, ye kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kala kalaPA third layer is an asymptomatic overlay layer, and the content of carbon gradually decreases, until the heart, its tissue characteristics, white; a third layer is an asymptomatic overlay layer, and the content of carbon gradually decreases, until the heart, its tissue characteristics, whiteFA dɔŋ a dɔŋ a dɔŋ a dɔŋ a dɔŋ a dɔŋ a dɔŋ a dɔŋ a dɔŋ a dɔŋ a dɔŋ.PA dɔgɔtɔ ka tɛmɛ20Steel original organization (Kɔl cɛɛl cɛɛl cɛɛl cɛɛl cɛɛl cɛɛl cɛɛl cɛɛl cɛɛl cɛɛl cɛɛl cɛɛl).

40

40Cr

Nitriding ye looi

Tissue nitride ye looi. White surface ye multi-phase compound ye, a structure ye:Fe₄N、Fe₃N、CrNAjuiɛɛr hybrid. A ye kɔnɔ, a ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye.

41

45Steel

Air cooling after boring

SɛmBAjuiɛɛr. A bɛɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈rFe₂BPhase, a nyuɔɔth a tɛmɛ a tɛmɛ a tɛmɛ a tɛmɛ a tɛmɛ a tɛmɛ a tɛmɛ a tɛmɛ a tɛmɛ; A sublayer transition layer ye diffusion carbonated layer, a substrate yeSAnd a few distributed along the crystal boundary. A few distributed along the crystal boundary. A few distributed along the crystal boundary. A few distributed along the crystal boundary. A few distributed along the crystal boundary.FHeart ye45Steel's positive fire tissue, i.e.S+FYe.

6. Ajuiɛɛr Iron

Serial No

Material Material

Status Status

Grup Woven Yök Ming

42

Grayscale Cast Iron

Casting

HTGraphite form. Black sheet tissue ye graphite ye, sabu a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ Metaphase ye graphite tïŋ në biäk ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u yiic, ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u yiic, ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u yiic, ye kek tɔ̈ɔ̈u yiic.HTGraphite ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk ye biäk National standards, divided into graphite forms6Type, Graphite length divided into8Niveau.

43

Iron ye ka looi

Warm off

KTGraphite form. Black flock ye graphite ye, a cït cotton flock ye, a tɛ̈n ye kɔrɔ ye. A tɛ̈ɛ̈m, a substrate tɛ̈ɛ̈m tɛ̈ɛ̈m tɛ̈ɛ̈m tɛ̈ɛ̈m tɛ̈ɛ̈m.KTA cɔl white cast iron. Ka tɛmɛ graphite ye cɔl solid state treatment ye cɔl annealing, a bɛ carbonate ye tök, a yiic, a yiic, a yiic, a yiic, a yiic, a yiic, a yiic, a yiic, a yiic, a yiic, a yiic, a yiic, a yiic, a yiic.KTGraphite's form, distribution, and quantity has a noticeable impact on the performance. Graphite's form, distribution, and quantity have a noticeable impact on the performance. Graphite's form, distribution, and quantity have a noticeable impact on the performance. Lööŋ ke bɛ̈ɛ̈i bɛ̈ɛ̈i bɛ̈ɛ̈i bɛ̈ɛ̈i bɛ̈ɛ̈i bɛ̈ɛ̈i bɛ̈ɛ

44

Cast Iron

Casting

QTGraphite tɛ̈n. A bɛɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r ye graphite ye, a bɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r ye, a bɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r ye. A ye polygon ye, a ye convex ye. A sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ a sɔrɔ.QTA cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔl a cɔ

45

Worm Cast Iron

Casting

Graphite form of worm cast iron. Graphite form of worm cast iron. Graphic structure of worm cast iron is between sheet graphite and spherical graphite, its characteristic graphite length and thickness ratio is small, the sheet thickness is short, both ends are rounded. Graphic structure of worm cast iron is between sheet graphite and spherical graphite, its characteristic graphite length and thickness ratio is small, the sheet thickness is short, both ends are rounded. A tɛ̈ɛ̈m, a substrate tɛ̈ɛ̈m tɛ̈ɛ̈m tɛ̈ɛ̈m tɛ̈ɛ̈m tɛ̈ɛ̈m. Worm cast iron ye tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka t Graphite worming process has fluctuations will appear a small number of spherical, cluster, sheet and other non-worm graphite, for worm cast iron, the worm rate of graphite is the main technical indicator, the worm rate is divided into9Niveau.

46

Grayscale Cast Iron

HT100

Warm off

FIron grey. BasisFA bɛɛ bɛɛ ye, a bɛɛ bɛɛ ye, a bɛɛ ye bɛɛ ye, a bɛɛ ye bɛɛ ye, a bɛɛ ye bɛɛ ye,FGraphite bɛ̈ɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r.FGrayscale ye looi ka tɛmɛ graphite ye looi ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛFKu graphite. A tɛ̈n ka tɛ̈n ka tɛ̈n ka tɛ̈n ka tɛ̈n ka tɛ̈n ka tɛ̈n ka tɛ̈n ka tɛ̈nPYe.

47

Grayscale Cast Iron

HT150

Casting

F+PIron grey.PA cɔl black,FGraphite ye tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n.F+PGray steel, a lëu bï ya yök në low temperature graphite fire. Kuen ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye720-760℃, ka tɛmɛ 2h, ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ.

48

Grayscale Cast Iron

HT200

Fire

PIron grey. Gray black ye graphite ye, ku substrate ye gray black ye. A ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈nAA sɔrɔ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ. A ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈uPKiHTNɛ̈ɛ̈n, ka tɛ̈n tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yen tɔ̈u yenFA dɔw ye phosphorus co-crystalline ye cɔl black dot ye cɔl block ye cɔl block ye cɔl block ye cɔl block ye cɔl block ye cɔl block ye cɔl block ye cɔl block ye cɔl block ye cɔl block ye cɔl block ye cɔl block ye cɔl block ye cɔl block ye cɔl block.

49

Iron ye ka looi

KT350-10

Warm off

FKiko ye cɔl cast iron. Basis yeFA bɛɛ̈ɛ̈r, a bɛɛ̈ɛ̈r.FWeb Crystal. Black flocks ye graphite ye bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi ka bɛ̈n looi.FFɛɛr ye looi ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛ ye tɛmɛFBodily tissue ye.

50

Iron ye ka looi

KT550-04

Fase 1 Graphic Heating

PKiko ye cɔl cast iron. BasisPA ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n. Kawɛ dɔ̈ɔ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈rFA cɔl graphite.PIron ye cɔl forgeable iron ye cɔl white mouth iron blank ye cɔl graphite firstphase high temperature annealing, ye cɔl graphite firstphase second annealing, ye cɔl air cooling.

51

Cast Iron

QT400-15

Warm off

FBasic Ink Cast Iron. White substrate yeFBlack Web yeFCrystal, a bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r Manganese phosphorus element polarized at the crystalline boundary, and the high content of carbon, and stable, not easy to graphite, causing a very small amount remaining. Manganese phosphorus element polarized at the crystalline boundary, and the high content of carbon, and stable, not easy to graphite, causing a very small amount remaining.PTɛ̈n yen tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈uPKu tɛ̈n yenë carburizing ye looi, a bɛ̈n looi në tɛmɛ de tɛmɛ de tɛmɛ de tɛmɛ de tɛmɛ de tɛmɛ. N'a tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈nF+PNo free carburizing body, then low temperature annealing.

52

Cast Iron

QT500-5

Casting

F+PBasic Ink Cast Iron. Graphite ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r yeFA gɛɛr graphite ye cɔl spherical graphite ye cɔl bull eye tissue ye cɔl bull eye tissue ye cɔl bull eye tissue ye cɔl bull eye tissue ye cɔl bull eye tissue. Graphite spherical ye tɔ̈u në metal likid yicACarbon tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈uFYe.F+PA lëu bï ya yök në kaam ye cɔl low temperature positive fire, ammaFA ye cɔl block, a ye cɔl brokenFYe.

53

Cast Iron

QT700-2

Fire

PBasic Ink Cast Iron. A ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n yePA ye gray black ball ye graphite ye.PKɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ. Nka, ka tɛ̈n yenë graphite ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n yeFA ka lëuFka ɓuri15%Ye.

54

High phosphorus cast iron

Casting

P+Grafik+Phosphorus ye kristal ye. Layered substrate yePa bɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r; Gray black sheet ye graphite ye, white edge ye phosphorus co-crystal ye. Phosphorus co-crystals ye tɛmɛ kɛnɛya ye, ye wal ni kɛnɛya ye, ye tɛmɛ kɛnɛya ye, ye kɛnɛya ye kɛnɛya ye kɛnɛya ye kɛnɛya ye kɛnɛya ye. Në ye mɛn, graphite ku jɔl ya tɛmɛ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ Mesh phosphorus co-crystalline ye kɔrɔ, ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye kɔrɔ ye.

55

ZL102

Casting

Kasat. Aluminium silicon alloy cïï gɛɛr. Silicon kristal ye cɔl grey ye cɔl piny ye cɔl piny ye cɔl piny ye cɔl piny ye cɔl piny ye cɔl piny ye cɔl piny ye cɔl piny ye cɔl pinyα solid solute ye kɔkristal tissue+Silicon granules ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye.

56

ZL102

Casting

Aluminium silicon alloy cï rot looi. White branch crystalline tissue ye raan fuuA ye alpha solid solution ye, a ye kɔ̈k ye silicon ye kɔ̈k ye kɔ̈k ye kɔ̈k ye kɔ̈k ye kɔ̈k ye kɔ̈k ye kɔ̈k ye kɔ̈k ye kɔ̈k ye kɔ̈k ye.

57

LY12

Casting

Aluminium ye looi. White yeα(AL)Matrix ku dark black [α](AL)+Phase θ (CuAL₂）+SFoto (AL₂CuMg] triple kristal ku ［α(AL)+Phase θ (CuAL₂()) Dual kristal. A triple, a binary co-crystals are distributed in network, and it's difficult to distinguish. A triple, a binary co-crystals are distributed in network, and it's difficult to distinguish.

58

LY12

Timeline sheet

Aluminium ye cɔl hard time organization. Whiteα(AL)Faze thia bɛɛ̈ɛ̈ɛ̈r (CuAL₂(ku)SFoto (AL₂CuMg(Kuen de kä ye kek mat) Sabab sampling ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l ye kɛ̈l Sample dɔ̈ɔ̈r cïï kek ya tɔ̈ɔ̈u në thɛɛr dɔ̈ɔ̈r de thɛɛr dɔ̈ɔ̈r de thɛɛr dɔ̈ɔ̈r de thɛɛr dɔ̈ɔ̈

59

H70

Warming deformation

Single-phase bronze organization (ye kɔc ye kɔc ye kɔc ye kɔc ye kɔc ye kɔc ye kɔc ye kɔc ye kɔc ye kɔc ye kɔc ye kɔc ye kɔ Zinc yeA cɔl copperAlpha solid solute cït axial granules. Kä ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye kek ye

60

H62

Warm off

Bipolar bronze organization. White part yeα solid soluble substrate, black bar ye electronic compound yeCuZuA ye beta solid solution ye. A ka tɛmɛ a α crystal boundary.

61

QSn10

Casting

Tin bronze casting organization. Kɔc cɛɛk cɛɛk cɛɛk cɛɛk cɛɛk cɛɛk cɛɛk cɛɛk cɛɛk cɛɛk cɛɛk cɛɛk cɛɛk cɛɛk cɛɛkα solid solute. Alpha trees are rich in copper, and the outer periphery is dark in tin; α trees are rich in copper, and the outer periphery is dark in tin; α trees are rich in copper, and the outer periphery is dark in tin; A tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n+δ) Koanalyst. δ ye electronic compound yeCu₃₁Sn₈Solution solid ye base ye. Sample dɔ̈ɔ̈r ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye tɛ̈n ye t

62

QSn10

extrusion bar

Alpha solid soluble single phase tissue, a ye sliding belt ye kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ.

63

Siki bearing alloy

Casting

α+β’+Ɣ tɛ̈n. Matrix ye antimony ye alpha solid soluble në tin, ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ’A, a yeSnSbA ye kë ye cɔl a solid solution, a ye kë ye cɔl a solid solution, a ye kë ye cɔl a solid solution, a ye kë ye cɔl a solid solution, a ye kë ye cɔl a solid solution. Particles are small, and difficult to corrode are white stars or radiative needles as ηphase, i.e. particles are small, and difficult to corrode are white stars or radiative needles as ηphase, i.e. particles are small, and difficult to corrode are white stars or radiative needles as ηphaseCu₆Sn₅A dɔŋ dɔŋ dɔŋ dɔŋ dɔŋ dɔŋ dɔŋ dɔŋ dɔŋ dɔŋ dɔŋ dɔŋ dɔŋ.

64

Aluminium-based bearing alloy

Casting

β+（αPb）+β）Total+Cu2SbKɔrɔ bɛɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r yeSnSb(Hard point, some needle shaped as copper antimony compounds)cu2Sba), a tɔ̈u ye (α)+（Pb）+β) Kokristal soft substrate.

65

QPb30

Casting

Lead bronze ye looi. Lead dï lëu bɛ̈ɛ̈r de copper. Whiteα（Cu(Kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye kɔnɔŋ ye).

66

TC4

Warm off

（α+β) Titanium alloy ye bipi ye. White strip ye α solid soluble, interlayer black ye beta solid soluble, alpha strip ye intersected, i.e. woven net basket, ye cɔl net basket tissue.

67

45Steel

Forging

Band organization ye. White grain yeFBlack block yePA fila ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ. Sample dɔ20Steel.

68

ZG30

Casting

Low Carbon Weighins. White needle, block yeFBlack yeP. WhiteFPin insert blackPA kristal kɔnɔ, a kɔnɔ a kɔnɔ a kɔnɔ a kɔnɔ a kɔnɔ a kɔnɔ a kɔnɔ a kɔnɔ a kɔnɔ a kɔnɔ a kɔnɔ.

69

T13

Warm positive

Weisslith ye karbon ye kɔrɔ. Black block yePWhite network yeFe₃C，Fe₃CInsertion, wala penetrationPGrain.

70

Industri Iron Pure

Cold Rolling

Fibre tissue ye. Compression up to70%Yɔ̈ɔ̈k.FGrain dɔ bɛ'a yir ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛFCrystal boundaries and sliding belts do not distinguish clearly, and are fibrous tissues. Crystal boundaries and sliding belts do not distinguish clearly, and are fibrous tissues.

71

A3Steel

Arc welding

Welding organization (Kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye) Left welding zone yeF+P, ye kristal ye kɔlɔ'a ye kɔlɔ'a ye kɔlɔ'a ye kɔlɔ'a ye kɔlɔ'a ye kɔlɔ'a ye kɔlɔ'a ye kɔlɔ'a ye; Ɣän ye kɔrɔ cɔl overheating zone near the welding seam zone,AGrain dɔŋ, Wei's organization; O kɔ̈k, tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛF+P. Kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔ kɔnɔF+P.

72

Iron-based powder metallurgy

Sintering pressing

Ferrite+Pearl Body+Pores. White substrate ye ferrite, black rough slice ye pearl body, low bar nitrate, black particles ye porous.

73

T12Steel

Fire

P+Fe₃C_IIA substrate ye blackPWhite piece yeFe₃C_IIkä ye kek looiFe₃C_IINetwork acï bɛ̈n nyaai.

74

T8Steel

Warm off

Microscope tissue de decarbonization layer. A yeke tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n t A ye carbon de surface ye dɔɔni, a ye carbon de surface ye dɔɔni, a ye surface ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔniFA deep erosion bɛ̈n nyuɔɔthFKristal ye; Subsurface yeF& KuenPKɛ̈l kɛ̈lPDɔɔr,FA dɔɔr,PKa caya fo ka tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩ tɩPAŋot. A dɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɛ̈rF+PA second layer yePKɔnɔ tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n

75

20CrMnTi

Carbonization, cooling quenching, low temperature annealing

Surface layer ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r.MLëk+ADisabled+Karbidi. Matrix ye needleMLɔ̈k+ArKa tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ, ka tɛmɛ860℃ Oil cold, blackMLëkKɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye kɔl ye.

76

QT900-2

900℃ Heating isothermal tempering

BDɔɔr+M+ADisabled+Grafik. Graphite ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r yeBDɔɔrYe.BDɔɔrCarbonized particles ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ, ye kɔnɔ temperingM+ADisabledGene dɔ bɛ̈ɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r. Kɔc kɔ̈k wïc bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looiBDɔɔrAjuiɛɛr.

77

Aluminium Bronze

Casting

a+（a+y2(Co-analyzer).aFoto yeCuA ye kë ye cɔl solid solution ye cɔl white;y2Phase ye electronic compound yeCu32AL19Solution solid based (yea+y2(Co-parser is very thin as black, low times don't distinguish clearly, there are other small black points as low times) Co-parser is very thin as black, low times don't distinguish clearly, there are other small black points as low times don't distinguish clearly, there are other small black points asFeAL3Ye.

78

T10Steel

780℃ tempering + low temperature tempering

M+ADisabled, grey black substrate yeMLɔ̈k+A tɔtAkɛnɛ,White particles ye binary carbonate ye. Carbon tool steel hardening temperature generally selected in780-800C kaam. Loktu kënë, A granule ye tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ̈u ka tɔ

79

9CrSi

Heating + low temperature heating

MLɔ̈k+Carbide, ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈r ye kɛ̈ɛ̈rMA bɛ̈ɛ̈ɛ̈r ye karbid ye ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u.9CrSiSteel,SiKa strengthenF, gël hardeningMKa tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ ka tɛmɛ250-300℃ ye looi, a cɛ̈ɛ̈r ye HRC60 ye, o ye looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi.

80

CrWMn

Heating + low temperature heating

MLɔ̈k+Karbidi. Black for hidden needle fire (Black for hidden needle fire)MA bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye karbid ye cɔl alloy, a bɛ̈ɛ̈r ye cɔl black and white phenomenon. SteelMnA lëuMsPoint dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈rADisabledKa juak, ka compensateMLɔ̈ɔ̈m de volume dilation, ka deformation total ye dɔ̈ɔ̈r ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka tɔ̈ɔ̈u ka t Ku carbide tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n t

81

Cr12

Raw materials has been hardened (Raw materials have been hardened) (Raw materials have been hardened)+Low temperature backfire, sampling phase

Matrix ye blackfireM+ADisabledKɛnɛ karbidi bɛɛr.Cr12Carbide ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ ye kɔnɔ.

82

Cr12

tempering+Low temperature firing

MLɔ̈k+ ADisabled+Karbidi. Black Matrix for Return Fire+A tɔtADisabledA bɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ŋ ye karbidi ye, a bɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ŋ ye karbidi ye.Cr12SteelCrA dɔŋ, a dɔŋ, a dɔŋ, a dɔŋ, a dɔŋ, a dɔŋ, a dɔŋ, a dɔŋ, a dɔŋ, a dɔŋ, a dɔŋCr7C3Kä ye kek cɔl carbide ye kek cɔl carbide ye kek cɔl carbide ye kek cɔl carbide ye kek cɔl carbide ye kek cɔl carbide ye kek cɔl carbide ye kek cɔl carbide ye kek cɔl carbideCrkaADisabledKa caya, a bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye dɔ ye dɔ ye dɔ ye dɔ ye dɔ ye dɔ ye dɔ ye dɔ ye dɔ ye dɔ ye dɔ ye dɔ ye dɔ ye dɔ ye dɔMLɔ̈ɔ̈ŋ ye dɔ̈ɔ̈ŋ ye dɔ̈ɔ̈ŋ ye dɔ̈ɔ̈ŋ ye dɔ̈ɔ̈ŋ ye dɔ̈ɔ̈ŋ ye dɔ̈ɔ̈ŋ ye dɔ̈ɔ̈ŋ O majawCr12Steel ye luɔ̈ɔ̈i në mould, ye luɔ̈ɔ̈i apɛi. Nka, carbon wɛ̈t ye kɔnɔ.2.3%Carbide juëc, na tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈n tɛ̈

83

Cr12MoV

tempering+Low temperature firing

MLɔ̈k+ ADisabled+Karbidi. Black Matrix for Return FireM + ADisabledA bɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ŋ ye karbid ye, a bɛ̈ɛ̈r dɔ̈ŋ ye karbid ye.Cr12MoVSteel kuCr12Ka tɛmɛ carbon content ye dɔɔniMo、VKä ye kek looi, ka cɔk bɛ̈n ya cɔk bɛ̈n ya cɔk bɛ̈n ya cɔk bɛ̈n ya cɔk bɛ̈n ya cɔk bɛ̈n ya cɔk bɛ̈n ya cɔk bɛ̈n ya cɔk bɛ̈n ya cɔk b

84

5CrMnMo

tempering+460℃ Warm

TLɔ̈kWɛ̈ɛ̈r. Wɛ̈ɛ̈rFA ye kɛl ye kɛl ye kɛl ye kɛl ye kɛl ye kɛl ye kɛl ye kɛl ye kɛl ye kɛl ye kɛl ye kɛl ye kɛl ye kɛl ye kɛl ye.5CrMnMoHardening yök needleMKa tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛ tɛmɛMCarbide ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye tɔ̈ɔ̈u ye tɔ Kä needle leafMKarbon dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈r dɔ̈ɔ̈rFYe.5CrMnMoA wɛ̈t looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi bɛ̈n looi.

85

3Cr2W8V

1120℃tempering+580℃ wal duu

MLɔ̈k+ ADisabled+Karbidi. Matrix ye bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈r bɛ̈ɛ̈rM+ ADisabledKarbidiw bɛ̈ɛ̈ɛ̈r tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u tɔ̈u3Cr2W8VA tɔŋ alloy element ye dɔɔni, a tɛ̈ɛ̈r ye dɔɔni, a tɛ̈ɛ̈r ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni ye dɔɔni Nka, cɛɛl ye cɛɛl ye cɛɛl ye cɛɛl ye cɛɛl ye cɛɛl ye cɛɛl ye cɛɛl ye cɛɛl ye cɛɛl ye cɛɛl ye cɛɛl ye cɛɛl ye cɛɛl ye.

86

T8Steel

SɛmCrAir cooling

Matrix laaPKɛnɛ karbon fitin. White surface yeCrCarbide, tɛ̈n ye (Cr.Fe）7C3Ye.T8Steel punchingCrMikro hardness1404-1482A ka ca ni carburization, nitridation, boronitridation, a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a ka ca ni a